In the traditional 'Layered Cake' model, powers are allocated such that states and national government exercise exclusive jurisdictions in their own spheres. What is this arrangement called?

• A. Federalism
• B. Unitary Governance
• C. Confederal Arrangement
• D. Dual Federalism

Answer: (D)

Two levels of government operate in exclusive, non-overlapping spheres in the traditional Layered Cake model. This arrangement is called dual federalism because each level preserves its own sovereignty with clearly separated domains, like distinct layers that don’t mix. The national government typically handles national defense, foreign policy, and currency, while states control areas like policing, education, and local matters. The defining feature is the firm separation of powers between the two levels, contrasting with later periods where powers become more blended.